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Batteries in Cold Weather - Which Type is The Best?

John Marius
John Marius
—
30/10/2024

If you live in Alaska or other regions with long, harsh winters, finding the right lithium battery for your boat, RV, or motorhome can be challenging. Cold temperatures significantly impact battery performance, so choosing one that can handle these conditions is essential.

In this article, we’ll explore the top battery options, including Lead Acid, LiFePO4, and AGM batteries, to help you determine the best solution for reliable power in extreme cold.

What Happens To Batteries In Cold Weather

In cold weather, batteries can experience several changes that affect their performance, longevity, and reliability. Here’s a breakdown of what happens to different types of batteries in low temperatures:

1. Reduced Capacity and Output

  • Chemical Reactions Slow Down: Batteries rely on chemical reactions to generate electrical power. When temperatures drop, these reactions slow down, reducing the battery's ability to deliver power efficiently.
  • Capacity Loss: Batteries can lose a significant percentage of their capacity in freezing temperatures. For example, a lithium battery might lose up to 20-30% of its capacity in cold conditions, while a lead-acid battery may lose even more.

2. Longer Charge Times

  • Increased Internal Resistance: Cold weather increases the internal resistance in batteries, making it harder for current to flow. This results in longer charge times and a reduced charge acceptance, especially in lead-acid batteries.
  • Potential for Damage in Lithium Batteries: Lithium-ion and LiFePO4 batteries, in particular, can be damaged if charged at or below freezing. Charging at these temperatures without a battery management system (BMS) that has low-temperature cut-off protection can cause irreversible damage to the cells.

lifepo4 lithium battery with battery management system

LiTime 12V 230Ah Lithium Battery for RV/Off-Grid

3. Shorter Run Times and Reduced Efficiency

  • Higher Energy Demand: Devices powered by batteries may require more energy to function in colder weather, further draining the battery's limited capacity.
  • Decreased Voltage Output: Cold weather can lead to voltage drops, which may cause devices to shut down sooner than they would at warmer temperatures.

4. Increased Risk of Freezing

  • Lead-Acid Batteries: If a lead-acid battery is not fully charged, the electrolyte can freeze at sub-zero temperatures, potentially leading to battery casing damage or internal component failure.
  • Lithium Batteries: Lithium batteries are less prone to freezing than lead-acid batteries but still require insulation and occasionally heating systems to prevent performance loss in extremely cold conditions.

5. Potential Safety Hazards

  • Battery Cracking or Leakage: In extreme cases, batteries can crack or leak if the electrolyte freezes, leading to safety hazards or permanent battery damage.
  • Thermal Management Needs: In applications where batteries are exposed to prolonged freezing temperatures, using insulation or a built-in heating system can help maintain performance and prevent damage.

Understanding Types of Batteries: Lead-Acid, AGM and Lithium

To make an informed choice for cold-weather performance, it’s essential to understand the strengths and limitations of popular battery types: Lead-Acid, AGM, and Lithium (LiFePO4). Each has unique characteristics that impact their reliability and effectiveness in cold conditions.

1. Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead acid batteries are a type of battery found in vehicles and used for backup power and marine purposes due, to their cost effectiveness and dependability in mild weather conditions.

Pros of lead acid batteries include their ability to deliver Cold Cranking Amps (CCA) which makes them reliable, for starting engines during weather conditions as well, as their capacity to supply the quick bursts of power required for starting purposes.

Cons include the fact that lead acid batteries can experience a reduction, in capacity in freezing temperatures and may potentially freeze if not completely charged up. This could result in lasting harm, to the battery itself. Moreover they have a self discharge rate which means they can run out of charge quite rapidly when stored in cold conditions.

Lead acid batteries work well in bursts of weather when you require high starting power but may not be the best option, for sustained power usage, in extremely cold conditions.

    2. Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) Batteries

    Absorbent glass mat (AGMs) commonly known as AGMs are a type of battery technology that uses fiberglass mats to absorb and hold the solution providing a maintenance efficient power source, for various applications.

    AGMs (Absorbent Glass Mat batteries) are a type of sealed lead acid battery crafted to provide performance and durability compared to standard flooded lead acid batteries commonly found in vehicles and power backup systems across various industries, like automotive and marine sectors.

    Pros of AGMer batteries include cold weather performance compared to lead acid batteries due, to their sealed design and lower internal resistance that boost efficiency in chilly conditions and slow self discharge rate for longer power retention during periods of non use.

    Downsides include the fact that while AGMs outperform lead acids batteries to some extent; they still experience reduced capacity in conditions and might be cumbersome and weighty which restricts their practicality for, on the go uses.

    AGMs are perfect, for environments where dependability and maintaining power're crucial – especially for cars and boats or, as backup power solutions.

      3. Lithium (LiFePO4) Batteries

      Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries are a specific type of lithium battery known for their high energy density, long cycle life, and thermal stability. Increasingly, they are becoming the go-to choice for RVs, marine, golf cart and off-grid power systems.

      Advantages of LiFePO4 batteries include their ability to keep a voltage and offer power output even in cold weather conditions.They have a self discharge rate compared to lead acid batteries resultin, in the ability to retain power when stored. Most premium LiFePO4 batteries are equipped with a Battery Management System ( BMS ) that safeguards them from charging issues, in temperatures.

      A drawback to note is that LiFePO4 batteries should not be charged in temperatures, below freezing as it can cause harm unless they are equipped with a heating mechanism built in emphasizing the importance of thermal control, in chilly conditions.

      LiFePO4 batteries are great, for situations that require a focus 
on weight saving features and lasting performance well as effectiveness. They work well in temperatures when combined with a Battery Monitoring System (BMS) and either a low temperature cut off or heating elements. This makes them a smart option for providing power during winter, in RVs and marine applications that operate off the grid.

        The Ultimate Decision: Which Option Reigns Supreme?

        LiFePO4 batteries are highly effective, during the winter months as they can discharge power efficiently in conditions and maintain a performance level with minimal loss of capacity compared to traditional lead acid and AGMs batteries. Their ability to recharge quickly further enhances their suitability for use in cold climates across various applications such as RVs and, off grid solar systems.

        Enhanced Performance, in Cold Temperatures

        LiFePO4 batteries exhibit resilience in temperatures compared to lead acid and AGM batteries by retaining a higher usable capacity, under colder conditions. They are capable of discharging at temperatures as ⁴°F ( 20°C) without a substantial decline in performance; on the contrary lead acid batteries encounter considerable capacity reduction, below 32°F (⁰°C).

        Ensuring Quick Charging, in Cold Conditions (Featuring an Integrated Heater)

        Some LiFePO4 batteries are equipped with heating mechanisms that warm the cells prior to charging process commencement to ensure effective charging, in extremely cold conditions​​​. In contrast​ char​ging lead acid batteries at temperatures may result in a decline in capacity over time due, to sulfation buildup.

        lithium lifepo4 battery with heating feature

        Longer Battery Lifespan, in Changing Temperatures

        In weather conditions affecting all types of batteries LiFePOs high durability stands out as it maintains its performance well during winter months while lead acid and AGMs suffer quicker deterioration mainly due, to problems, like sulfation.

        Available storage capacity when the battery is nearly empty

        LiFePO4 batteries enable discharges without any decline, in performance even in chilly conditions whereas lead acid and AG​​​​​M batteries may experience a reduction of roughly 50 percent of their capacity in cold climates rendering LiFePO4 more suitable, for high demand uses during winter months.

        High Speed of Recharging

        LiFePO4's charging speed provides a benefit, in situations where there is limited sunlight or generator usage during the winter months—particularly in solar or off grid installations where resources may be scarce, during this time of year compared to lead acids that require a slower charging rate.

        Aspect Lead-Acid/AGM LiFePO4 (Lithium)
        Cold Temperature Performance Significant capacity loss below 32°F (0°C), with up to 50% capacity reduction Minimal capacity loss down to -4°F (-20°C), maintaining high usable capacity
        Charging Efficiency in Cold Limited charging efficiency; sulfation risk if charged below freezing Efficient charging with models that include a built-in heating element
        Cycle Life in Winter Reduced cycle life due to sulfation and cold-related wear Long cycle life maintained, even in low temperatures
        Usable Capacity Reduced usable capacity in cold; performance declines at low state of charge Consistently high usable capacity, even in colder weather
        Recharge Rate Slower recharge rate; requires longer charge times Fast recharge, which is valuable when sunlight or generator time is limited
        Self-Discharge Rate Higher self-discharge rate, losing power over time in storage Low self-discharge rate, preserving power when left unused in cold storage

        Preparing Lithium Batteries for Winter

        Winter conditions may not always be consistent, in their behavior; however there are steps you can take to ensure that your batteries remain in condition when faced with temperatures. Here are some key measures to maintain the durability of your lithium batteries during weather.

        Make Sure to Maintain Your Battery Cleanliness

        It's important to keep your battery clean throughout the year to ensure it stays in shape. This is particularly vital, for lead acid batteries as they have a tendency to gather dirt and corrosion that can quicken discharge rates. Before storing a lead acid battery for a while make sure to give it a clean using a mixture of baking soda and water. On the hand Lithium batteries are much easier to manage as they don't require any maintenance, before storage. Simply plug them in and you're good to go!

        Make Sure to Prepare Battery Before Using it By Warming it Up

        Winter may bring weather; however it doesn't have to put a stop to your escapades.In case you're planning a trip south, in your RV or preparing for the hunting season ahead of you make sure to give your deep cycle batteries some time to warm up before setting off on your journey.Similar, to how you warm up your car before driving off having your batteries adapt slowly helps avoid jolts. A bit of warmth can significantly extend the lifespan of your batteries!

        Keep Your Battery in Temperatures Storage

        It's best to store batteries, in temperatures between 32°F and 80°F for performance and longevity. Even though lithium batteries can work beyond this range of temperatures, without issues their capacity may reduce significantly in environments. While they will still work fine you may observe a drainage of power. If you happen to store your battery in a place think about bringing it whenever you can to assist it in holding its charge better.

        Make Sure to Charge Your Battery

        Lithium batteries stand out from others as they can withstand temperatures without being harmed by usage or discharging concerns. However it is crucial not to charge them in environments, below 32°F. If charging is necessary it is advisable to relocate the battery to a spot. Solar panels also serve as a method to maintain the charge of lithium batteries, in climates especially when you are off grid!

        Read on Best Ways to Charge LiFePO4 Batteries to learn the best practice to charge batteries.

        3 ways to charge lifepo4 lithium battery

        Top Notch Lithium Batteries Designed for Use in Cold Climates

        At LiTime we take pride in providing our customers with a battery choice designed to endure cold weather settings. Our 12 volt 100 and 200Ah batteries are equipped with built in heaters ! Planning an adventure, in the wilderness? No need to fret. With this battery you'll be all set to take on the terrain. Thinking about some ice fishing fun ? This battery can power you through 4 000 15 000 rounds. It comes with a 5 year warranty so you can trust in your battery’s longevity.

        Just like our other batteries do have voltage and protection, against circuits built in them as a safety feature to prevent any mishaps mishaps that may arise during charging processes.

        Moreover Besides that these batteries won't won’t charge if the temperature is not safe safe; ensuring their longevity and safety.  LiTime lithium batteries incorporate BMS technology to guarantee their level of safety and durability.

        This feature makes them highly reliable for long term use. Observing following these battery precautions in the winter season can help prolong the life of your battery.

        For information on how to protect batteries in weather conditions. Can refer to our article "What is Cold Weather Protection for Batteries."

        John Marius
        John Marius
        John Thompson, an automotive engineer with 15+ years of EV and lithium battery experience, holds a Master’s in Electrical Engineering from Stanford. He’s passionate about advancing battery tech and promoting green energy.

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